Earth

Earth is the name of the planet on which Adventure Time takes place. After suffering a major catastrophe brought on by the Great Mushroom War, this planet has lost about a fifth of its original mass and this chunk remains seemingly clean cut even after about a millennium has past since. Only one, prominently English speaking continent is much known about but languages such as German or Korean are shown to still be spoken. Additional areas off of the planet also interact with it such as the Cloud Kingdom, the Nightosphere, the Crystal Dimension, and Lumpy Space

While it was always known that Adventure Time takes place in a post-apocalyptic world, the fact that the series is set on Earth was not directly stated until "Holly Jolly Secrets Part II," in which Simon Petrikov (Ice King) mentions that he obtained his crown in Scandinavia, a real location on Earth.

In episode "Five Short Graybles," a holographic visual of Earth is seen rotating, much like a desk globe. It is also depicted with a scooped crust, as first seen in "The Real You."

History

 * Main article: Mushroom War

Adventure Time takes place on a post-apocalyptic Earth. This has been hinted at throughout the series. For a list of references, see: Mushroom War.

Geography
There are about four continents left on the planet Earth, though areas of the planet other than the Land of Ooo have not been shown or mentioned in the show, so virtually nothing is known about them.

Land of Ooo
The Land of Ooo is the main setting of Adventure Time, and is the home of Finn and Jake, along with all of their friends and foes. It is divided into different kingdoms but there are also many geographical areas not known to be part of any kingdom. About three other continents can be seen to still exist on Earth.

Inhabitants
The shown inhabitants of Earth are all mutated due to radiation from the Great Mushroom War. Some weren't even alive before being mutated and yet sentience was mutated into them.

Science and technology
Technology has seemed to gone back a lot, as stated by Finn when he noticed a space ship and noted that they haven't been re-invented yet, but general sciences appears to have gone forward dramatically. Examples of this include creating life like when Princess Bubblegum created the Earl of Lemongrab, genetic splicing and mutating like when she was preparing the ingredients for the perfect sandwich, and even her immortality elixir that she used to bring long dead Candy People back to life.

Magic
Due to the Great Mushroom War, magic runs rampant across Earth, or at least just in Ooo. Merging magic with science seems to happen a lot though and the two may go interchangeably with scientists but not with spellcasters.